Final Information

Your final exam will be at 1:30 04-29-03 in room WH 134. The exam will consist of 100 multiple choice questions. Each question is worth 3 points for a total possible score of 300 points. Below is a study guide to HELP you prepare for the exam. Good Luck!

Child Development Final Exam Review

Part 1

The answers to the following questions are from chapters one through eighteen. The final exam will consist of 100 multiple choice questions taken directly from the review sheets. All of the questions on the review sheets are from quizzes as well as notes that you have read thus far in this course.

Chapters 1 - 3:

This type of change refers to having more knowledge, more social skills, or physical changes such as gray hair.

This type of change refers to the ability to solve problems differently, learn things using new methods, changed interests, or a clearer picture of your career goals.

This is the process by which humans change both qualitatively and quantitatively as they grow older. It is not just gaining more knowledge or ability with time, it is the process of transforming or becoming completely new.

Overlooking developmental characteristics can lead to this type of curriculum.

This is the cornerstone of effective teaching.

A real special need that can and should be addressed through intervention is known as:

A variation in development that is part of the rich cultural history of a child is known as:

During the Renaissance, children were believed to have been born:

The late twentieth century brought about a growing concern for which type of children's needs?

Within Chinese and Japanese history, children were believed to have been born:

The aim of early work in child study was to describe _____________ development and determine its causes.

This man invented a now common research tool, the questionnaire, to gather data.

This type of study consists of observing two or more behaviors or developmental characteristics for a particular group of children in an effort to determine whether relationships exist among the behaviors.

This type of study involves examining factors of interest by observing a group of children of many different ages only once or a small number of times.

This type of research involves following a group of children over a period of time in order to observe changes in their behavior and development at various age levels

Observing children in the classroom in a thoughtful and organized way in an effort to answer pressing questions related to classroom life is known as:

In this type of sampling, teachers make a check or notation on a coding sheet every time a particular behavior is observed.

Notes taken on classroom observations and then rewritten later in a more full and descriptive way are known as:

An accumulation and interpretation of information from many different sources across time is known as a:

A system of beliefs about something is known as:

This type of theory is an integrated collection of beliefs about why children behave, think, and feel as they do.

This theory holds that children learn and behave as they do because they have inborn predispositions to do so; what children become is genetically predetermined.

Estimates suggest that ____________ _____________ of innate intelligence can be explained by environment.

____________________ contend that all that children are and will become is derived from experience.

From the behaviorist point of view, a child's mind is a _________ __________ to be filled by the environment.

To a behaviorist, advancement in any area of learning is simply a change in _________________.

John Watson believed that through ________________ conditioning, a child could be shaped behavior by behavior to become almost any type of person.

B.F. Skinner developed a system of _______________ conditioning in which he attempted to show that if children's desirable behaviors are rewarded systematically by adults, children are more likely to perform those behaviors.

A principle of operant conditioning is that children's behavior can be shaped only ____________________.

A principle of behaviorism is that __________________ such as verbal praise and tangible rewards should be given only after positive behaviors have been performed.

This theory, developed by Albert Bandura, argues that children acquire new behaviors merely by observing others perform them.

___________________ contend that children's emotional health stems from an ability to resolve key conflicts between their internal desires and impulses and pressures from the outside world.

The first of Erik Erikson's conflicts is between ___________ and ______________ and occurs in infancy.

The second of Erikson's conflicts is between ___________ and __________ and occurs in the toddler years.

This is a feeling of individuality and uniqueness apart from his or her parents.

This is the urge to make creative effort.

Children who have genuine successes in the early years and whose accomplishments are accepted and appreciated by adults and peers will develop a sense of ________________ while those who consistently experience failure and lack of acceptance will develop a sense of __________________.

This theory holds that mental growth is the most important element in children's development.

According to a cognitive-developmentalist, all aspects of human life are directly influenced by ____________ and _______________.

Theorists of this group believe that thinking and learning are not as internal and individual as Piaget proposed but are highly influenced by language, social interaction, and culture.

__________________ is not merely a mode of expression but a fundamental tool for constructing knowledge.

__________________ thinking is an ultimate goal of teaching or parenting.

This theory emphasizes the influence of the many institutions and settings-the community, the school, the political system-within which children live.

_________________ refers to the settings and institutions that influence the growing human being.

In this type of sampling, teachers observe children at regular intervals and record interactions that occur within that time frame.

Chapters 4 through 9:

These carry all of the genetic information necessary for the development of a unique individual.

Of all the human traits determined at conception, none is as significant as __________________.

Evidence suggests that effects of smoking may be ____________________.

The first few weeks after birth is sometimes called ___________________.

This refers to the tendency of human development to proceed from the top down.

This refers to a growth trend that proceeds from the center of the body out.

This theory holds that REM sleep exercises the nervous system.

This is the universal way babies communicate their needs.

These are involuntary movements that are built in to a baby's nervous system.

This occurs when a baby studies an object, becomes familiar with the object, and expresses less interest and excitement for the object.

Motor abilities emerge in a relatively _______________ order.

Developmental charts that show the average age at which certain behaviors first appear are known as:

This is the ability to visually follow a moving object with one's eyes.

This is a visual ability to look over all the features of an object and get a complete picture of what it is like.

Fetuses as early as _______ weeks after conception were found to respond to sounds with accelerated heart rates and increased movement.

A baby's brain develops at an astonishing rate; by age ________ it is as complex as it ever will be.

This area of the brain is associated with the ability to express and regulate emotions.

Specialization of left and right sides of the brain has been refereed to as:

____________ _______________ is a key component of promoting infant brain growth.

The most powerful influence on infant brain growth is ___________________.

Jean Piaget refers to the developmental period between birth and age 2 as _________ _____________.

Adults contemplate, analyze, infer or imagine, but babies just __________.

This is a type of thinking in which children are unable to understand that there are other viewpoints in the world besides their own.

This is an ability to recognize objects that were seen at an earlier time.

This has been defined as any behavior that is nonliteral, intrinsically motivated, self-chosen and pleasurable.

This is a mental activity in which an abstract symbol is used to stand for an idea or an object that is not present.

This is one of the most debilitating conditions for children.

_____________ more often suffer global stressors such as depression, anxiety about day-to-day parenting, or feelings of incompetence.

______________ are more narrowly concerned about poor attachment. They are most likely to worry that they will not come to love or bond with their child because of challenging conditions.

Language understanding is often called:

This is language that babies can actually speak.

This term describes when a baby uses a word so that it refers to many more things than it should.

This term describes when a toddler uses a word to refer to a narrower range of things than an adult word.

Word order is known as:

Early utterances of young children which contain only the key words required for meaning is known as:

The process by which adults give support or guidance for some parts of a task or activity, and then gradually give over regulation of the experience to children.

Language delays that have no apparent cause such as perceptual or cognitive problems and that cause children to have limited vocabularies or late use of language is known as:

A fear of unfamiliar persons that often results in great upset:

A fear of being separated from caregivers:

Two dimensions of parenting have been found to lead to secure attachment in babies:

The __________ health and functioning of adults is far more critical in the process of attachment than are childhood disorders.

A feeling of individuality and uniqueness apart from parents is:

A general emotional disposition which is consistently observed throughout development:

Although very early experience could explain some unique personality differences, researchers conclude that __________________ is most influential.

In a process called _____________ ________________, babies refer to adult emotional reactions to determine how they should feel.

Part 2

Chapters 10 through 18:

The point at which body weight is evenly distributed is known as:

Skills that require the use of large muscles in the legs or arms as well as general strength and stamina are known as __________________________. Examples of such skills include running, jumping, or throwing.

Movement ___________________ refers to basic movement skills such as running or catching.

Movement ____________________ refers to an ability to adapt movements to meet varying environmental challenges

Boys have been found to be consistently more active than girls, suggesting that high activity level is a ___________________ genetic trait.

A growing body of research suggests that rough-and-tumble play which relieves tension, exercises many different muscles simultaneously, leads to close physical contact with peers is useful for motor development and ___________ ______________.

The ability to coordinate smaller muscles in the arms, hands, and fingers is referred to as __________________.

Although children may struggle a bit with self-help skills such as buttoning, zipping, or eating with utensils, these are mastered, for the most part, by age:

The ability to integrate movements and perception has been called ___________________.

Girls are more competent at ___________________ than boys.

Children who are extremely malnourished in the early years may never reach their full _________ potential.

Preschoolers do not use ____________ as adults do. They still rely too heavily on their senses in their thinking.

Through _________ _____________ of play materials, preschoolers gradually construct an understanding of the world.

This is an understanding that properties and amounts stay the same even when physical appearances are changed:

Vygotsky proposed that _______________ plays a particularly critical role in learning.

Children of Euro-American cultures have been described as field _________________, that is, they have a unique cognitive style that allows them to solve problems without much outside assistance. They can focus on the specific steps of a task without being distracted by the full external environment.

Children in other cultures tend to be field __________________. This means that they rely on the entire environment and everything and everyone within it to solve problems. The most important characteristic of these children is a need for social interaction and language in order to learn.

_________ _______________ is defined as a condition leading to general intellectual impairment.

One of the most remarkable cognitive advancements in the preschool years is an early formation of a theory of the _________.

This is a condition characterized by a lack of awareness of others, a preference for objects to people, and an intense desire for sameness.

Preschoolers tend to focus on only one characteristic of an object or one feature of a problem at a time. They are said to center on a single phenomenon and have difficulty coordinating more than one idea or activity. This is called:

Preschool children are limited in their causal thinking. They tend to put one immediate event into relationship with another immediate event and leap to an assumption that one causes the other. This is known as:

In _______________ _____________, children try out adult-like phrases and intonations as they enact their make-believe roles.

A circular relationship exists between play and each of three fundamental areas of development. Which of the following is NOT one of these areas?

An educational implication of cross-cultural play research is that classroom environments must be planned with great ______________ to cultural differences.

Teachers can facilitate play in children with ___________ impairments by giving regular tactile tours of the classroom, helping them rehearse play with new toys, or assisting them in interpreting the make-believe of their peers.

A problem for hearing-impaired children is an inability to engage in the sophisticated _________________ necessary to carry out elaborate pretend play themes.

Repetitive action such as banging dishes or removing and replacing the top to a pot is known as:

Clearer speech and improvements in pronunciation, fluency, and articulation are referred to as:

The use of many words and an understanding of word meanings is known as:

Language features such as the use of clauses and complex word endings to extend and enhance self-expression is known as:

Social communication is known as:

The distance one speaker stands from another while conversing is:

______________ Childhood is a crucial period for the formation of positive feelings toward oneself, others, and the larger world.

The urge to make creative effort is:

Adults can promote a sense of initiative by creating ________________ environments in which children are allowed to take risks.

An individual's theory of self is known as:

___________________ self-concept is critical for happiness and fulfillment throughout life.

This term refers to two interrelated aspects of human development: being liked by others and having skills to interact effectively in social settings.

This refers to the category a particular child is found to occupy in a group:

This is the degree of children's involvement with others:

Acts such as sharing a toy, helping with a puzzle, and comforting a crying peer are called _______________ behaviors.

Any physical or verbal behavior that is intended to harm or threaten another:

This type of aggression involves physical or verbal assaults that are provoked.

This type of aggression involves unprovoked physical or verbal assaults.

_______________ is the leading cause of death among primary-grade children.

Living in violent communities presents both ______________ and ______________ risks.

Children who live in ___________ often develop feelings of rage and despair.

This theory is based on research suggesting that motor action, cognitive development, and behavior are all part of a single, dynamic system in the brain.

Denying elementary children opportunities to _____________ deprives them of key elements in the body-brain system.

One trend in children's play in the primary years is that make-believe __________ as organized games ______________.

Games with ____________ are believed to predominate in children's motor play during the primary years.

Playful, predictable, often rhythmic routines that are common in the elementary years are known as:

Technology and even school reform have reduced children's _______ ________.

The most prevalent theory regarding ADHD is that the condition results from _______________ impairment.

How well children do in school is, in part, a function of their overall _____________.

An individual's IQ is computed by dividing the person's mental age by his or her ______________ age.

This test has been standardized using a highly representative sample which includes all cultural groups as well as gifted, emotionally disturbed, and learning-disabled children.

____________ is internal and personal.

Children who are in the concrete operational stage are able to coordinate two ideas at once. The ability to center on more than one aspect of a problem is called:

The ability to mentally or physically reverse the steps of a process to go back to a starting point is known as:

The ability to see connections between actions- both our own and others'- and the consequences of those actions is:

___________ is critical for long-term success in school.

The most important type of memory is _______ __________, in which certain images, facts, or concepts are drawn from short-term memory and are permanently stored.

The ability to think about and regulate internal cognitive processes is called ____________________.

Children are said to be ________ and ___________ if they display a superior intellect and/or talents that are advanced for their chronological age.

___________ problems relate to an inability to pronounce specific phonemes that are usually acquired by a particular age.

One way to determine the severity of speech errors is to test children for ______________ which involves asking children to imitate the sounds they are not articulating clearly.

Disfluency means:

Children with ____________ delays may be unable to identify opposites or synonyms or to generate lists of related terms in a free association task.

The ability to think about language itself is:

The ability to adjust language to the viewpoint of the listener is:

Formal and informal language styles are referred to as:

This term refers to a variety of strategies in school for assisting children who speak languages different from that of the dominant culture.

Primary-age children who still write using random letters to stand for stories are said to be in this stage of writing. In this stage, letters have no relationship to the sounds of phonemes.

In this stage, children begin using consonants that match some of the sounds in the story they are writing. Often only one or two consonants are used to stand for a complete word.

During this stage, children's writing becomes very conventional.

Literacy programs should be _______________ in schools to include all kinds of reading and writing material such as magazines, newspapers, catalogs, non-print books, posters, notes, fliers, books, storytelling, humor, rhyming, chants, singing, and other modes of self-expression should be incorporated.

The majority of bilingual education programs stress bilingualism before ____________.

Children who feel they are successful at mastering real skills are said to have a sense of industry, more commonly called ________________.

This term is used to describe a person's overall evaluation of self.

There are two basic types of self-esteem. _________________ which means being good at things and _________________ which means being liked as a friend or cared for as a family member.

This refers to children's assessments of their goodness or virtue, as defined by cultural norms.

This is a belief in one's ability to make a difference and to regulate one's own life.

There are two reasons children lack feelings of control in their lives:

During childhood and adolescence, children are engaged in _________ __________ which is constructing a clear understanding of themselves.

Parents-particularly fathers-encourage the adoption of gender-appropriate roles, and both mothers and fathers expect ____ to follow more rigid rules of gender behavior.

This is a full understanding and appreciation of behaviors, thinking, values, feelings, and competencies of the ethnic group to which one belongs.

A detailed collection of traits that determines peer status is known as:

Both types of children-those who outwardly express negative emotions and those who are withdrawn-share a common challenge: they have difficulty entering into satisfying ________________ with peers and adults.

Parent-child interactions are influenced by beliefs about what children are like and how they should be treated at each _________________ level.

_________________ is the ability to cooperate with and rely on others.

Parenting beliefs arise from unique _____________ and ____________ experiences.

List the four major ways in which adult-child interactions vary across cultural groups.

It is critical to include ______ adults with caregiving responsibilities in parent education programs, parent conferences, and all other means of communication with families.

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