Child Development Mid-term Exam Review

Part 1

The answers to the following questions are from chapters one through nine. The mid-term exam will consist of 50 multiple choice questions taken directly from the review sheets. All of the questions on the review sheets are from quizzes as well as notes that you have read thus far in this course. 

Chapters 1 - 3:

1. This type of change refers to having more knowledge, more social skills, or physical changes such as gray hair.
2. This type of change refers to the ability to solve problems differently, learn things using new methods, changed interests, or a clearer picture of your career goals.
3. This is the process by which humans change both qualitatively and quantitatively as they grow older. It is not just gaining more knowledge or ability with time, it is the process of transforming or becoming completely new.
4. Overlooking developmental characteristics can lead to this type of curriculum.
5. This is the cornerstone of effective teaching.
6. A real special need that can and should be addressed through intervention is known as:
7. A variation in development that is part of the rich cultural history of a child is known as:
8. During the Renaissance, children were believed to have been born:
9. The late twentieth century brought about a growing concern for which type of children's needs?
10. Within Chinese and Japanese history, children were believed to have been born:
11. The aim of early work in child study was to describe _____________ development and determine its causes.
12. This man invented a now common research tool, the questionnaire, to gather data.
13. This type of study consists of observing two or more behaviors or developmental characteristics for a particular group of children in an effort to determine whether relationships exist among the behaviors.
14. This type of study involves examining factors of interest by observing a group of children of many different ages only once or a small number of times.
15. This type of research involves following a group of children over a period of time in order to observe changes in their behavior and development at various age levels
16. Observing children in the classroom in a thoughtful and organized way in an effort to answer pressing questions related to classroom life is known as:
17. In this type of sampling, teachers make a check or notation on a coding sheet every time a particular behavior is observed.
18. Notes taken on classroom observations and then rewritten later in a more full and descriptive way are known as:
19. An accumulation and interpretation of information from many different sources across time is known as a:
20. A system of beliefs about something is known as:
21. This type of theory is an integrated collection of beliefs about why children behave, think, and feel as they do.
22. This theory holds that children learn and behave as they do because they have inborn predispositions to do so; what children become is genetically predetermined.
23. Estimates suggest that ____________ _____________ of innate intelligence can be explained by environment.
24. ____________________ contend that all that children are and will become is derived from experience.
25. From the behaviorist point of view, a child's mind is a _________ __________ to be filled by the environment.
26. To a behaviorist, advancement in any area of learning is simply a change in _________________.
27. John Watson believed that through ________________ conditioning, a child could be shaped behavior by behavior to become almost any type of person.
28. B.F. Skinner developed a system of _______________ conditioning in which he attempted to show that if children's desirable behaviors are rewarded systematically by adults, children are more likely to perform those behaviors.
29. A principle of operant conditioning is that children's behavior can be shaped only ____________________.
30. A principle of behaviorism is that __________________ such as verbal praise and tangible rewards should be given only after positive behaviors have been performed.
31. This theory, developed by Albert Bandura, argues that children acquire new behaviors merely by observing others perform them.
32. ___________________ contend that children's emotional health stems from an ability to resolve key conflicts between their internal desires and impulses and pressures from the outside world.
33. The first of Erik Erikson's conflicts is between ___________ and ______________ and occurs in infancy.
34. The second of Erikson's conflicts is between ___________ and __________ and occurs in the toddler years.
35. This is a feeling of individuality and uniqueness apart from his or her parents.
36. This is the urge to make creative effort.
37. Children who have genuine successes in the early years and whose accomplishments are accepted and appreciated by adults and peers will develop a sense of ________________ while those who consistently experience failure and lack of acceptance will develop a sense of __________________.
38. This theory holds that mental growth is the most important element in children's development.
39. According to a cognitive-developmentalist, all aspects of human life are directly influenced by ____________ and _______________.
40. Theorists of this group believe that thinking and learning are not as internal and individual as Piaget proposed but are highly influenced by language, social interaction, and culture.
41. __________________ is not merely a mode of expression but a fundamental tool for constructing knowledge.
42. __________________ thinking is an ultimate goal of teaching or parenting.
43. This theory emphasizes the influence of the many institutions and settings-the community, the school, the political system-within which children live.
44. _________________ refers to the settings and institutions that influence the growing human being.
45. In this type of sampling, teachers observe children at regular intervals and record interactions that occur within that time frame.

 

Part 2

Chapters 4 through 9:

 

46. These carry all of the genetic information necessary for the development of a unique individual.
47. Of all the human traits determined at conception, none is as significant as __________________.
48. Evidence suggests that effects of smoking may be ____________________.
49. The first few weeks after birth is sometimes called ___________________.
50. This refers to the tendency of human development to proceed from the top down.
51. This refers to a growth trend that proceeds from the center of the body out.
52. This theory holds that REM sleep exercises the nervous system.
53. This is the universal way babies communicate their needs.
54. These are involuntary movements that are built in to a baby's nervous system.
55. This occurs when a baby studies an object, becomes familiar with the object, and expresses less interest and excitement for the object.
56. Motor abilities emerge in a relatively _______________ order.
57. Developmental charts that show the average age at which certain behaviors first appear are known as:
58. This is the ability to visually follow a moving object with one's eyes.
59. This is a visual ability to look over all the features of an object and get a complete picture of what it is like.
60. Fetuses as early as _______ weeks after conception were found to respond to sounds with accelerated heart rates and increased movement.
61. A baby's brain develops at an astonishing rate; by age ________ it is as complex as it ever will be.
62. This area of the brain is associated with the ability to express and regulate emotions.
63. Specialization of left and right sides of the brain has been refereed to as:
64. ____________ _______________ is a key component of promoting infant brain growth.
65. The most powerful influence on infant brain growth is ___________________.
66. Jean Piaget refers to the developmental period between birth and age 2 as _________ _____________.
67. Adults contemplate, analyze, infer or imagine, but babies just __________.
68. This is a type of thinking in which children are unable to understand that there are other viewpoints in the world besides their own.
69. This is an ability to recognize objects that were seen at an earlier time.
70. This has been defined as any behavior that is nonliteral, intrinsically motivated, self-chosen and pleasurable.
71. This is a mental activity in which an abstract symbol is used to stand for an idea or an object that is not present.
72. This is one of the most debilitating conditions for children.
73. _____________ more often suffer global stressors such as depression, anxiety about day-to-day parenting, or feelings of incompetence.
74. ______________ are more narrowly concerned about poor attachment. They are most likely to worry that they will not come to love or bond with their child because of challenging conditions.
75. Language understanding is often called:
76. This is language that babies can actually speak.
77. This term describes when a baby uses a word so that it refers to many more things than it should.
78. This term describes when a toddler uses a word to refer to a narrower range of things than an adult word.
79. Word order is known as:
80. Early utterances of young children which contain only the key words required for meaning is known as:
81. The process by which adults give support or guidance for some parts of a task or activity, and then gradually give over regulation of the experience to children.
82. Language delays that have no apparent cause such as perceptual or cognitive problems and that cause children to have limited vocabularies or late use of language is known as:
83. A fear of unfamiliar persons that often results in great upset:
84. A fear of being separated from caregivers:
85. Two dimensions of parenting have been found to lead to secure attachment in babies:
86. The __________ health and functioning of adults is far more critical in the process of attachment than are childhood disorders.
87. A feeling of individuality and uniqueness apart from parents is:
88. A general emotional disposition which is consistently observed throughout development:
89. Although very early experience could explain some unique personality differences, researchers conclude that __________________ is most influential.
90. In a process called _____________ ________________, babies refer to adult emotional reactions to determine how they should feel.