Teaching Behaviors:

• Structuring
  • Outline role relationships for teacher and students
  • Establish the lesson climate that is conducive to open communication
  • Maintain the established lesson
  • When necessary, add to or modify the lesson

• Focus Setting
  • Establish an explicit and common topic or issue for discussion
  • A topic may be presented with a question
  • Can restate the original question or shift to a new discussion topic
  • Can bring the discussion back to the original topic
  • Can label a discussion question by a student as a new topic

• Clarifying
  • Help the teacher understand a student’s comment
  • Should clarify for students what the teacher does not understand
  • The burden of understanding is on the teacher, not the student
  • Teacher does not assume the responsibility of clarifying for students

• Acknowledging
  • Informs a student that the teacher understands
  • Informs student that he/she has contributed to the discussion
  • Can be implemented non-verbally
  • Nonjudgmental method for saying "I understand"
• Teacher Silence
  • Informs students that it is their responsibility to carry on the discussion
  • Used only in response to student silence

Understanding the Body and How it Functions

The Skeletal System

• A framework of the body consisting of bones linked together by joints.
• Muscles move joints causing psychomotor movement.

The Muscular System

• Muscles apply force to the bones to crate movement.
• People are born with two types of muscle fibers:
  • Slow-twitch-  respond well to aerobic activities.
  • Fast-twitch-  respond well to anaerobic activities.
• Strength can be increased when muscles are overloaded.  Overloading is doing more than a normal amount of work.
• Flexibility is the range of motion at a given joint.

The Cardiorespiratory System

• Consists of the heart, lungs, arteries, capillaries, and veins.
• The heart pumps blood through the circulatory system.
• The heart beat (pump) is called the pulse.
• Pulse can be measured (counted) by placing two fingers to the wrist or neck.
• The primary function of the lungs is to provide oxygen, carried by the bloodstream, to cells of the body.

Health-Related Physical Fitness

• Physical fitness-  the ability to carry out daily tasks with vigor and alertness, without undue fatigue, and with ample energy to enjoy leisure pursuits and to meet unforeseen emergencies.
• Fitness components:
  • Strength-  the ability of a muscle or muscle group to exert force.
  • Muscular endurance-  the ability of the muscles to perform a desired activity without  excessive fatigue.
  • Cardiovascular endurance-  the ability to maintain total body activity for extended periods of time.
  • Flexibility-  a person's range of movement at the joints.
  • Body composition-  the proportion of body fat in relation to lean body mass.

Understanding Lifestyle Alternatives

Nutrition and Weight Control

• An area of emphasis in the physical education program should be balanced diet and weight control.
• Students should learn about the elements of a balanced diet.  Look at the food pyramid on page 289.
• Encourage students to moderate the consumption of foods high in cholesterol and fat.
• Obesity is a roadblock to wellness.
• A scale measures only total body weight, it doesn't differentiate between fat weight and lean weight.  A body fat test is better than weighing on a scale.

Relaxation, Stress, and Tension

• Stress-  a substantial imbalance between environmental demands and the individual's response capability.
• Children need to recognize that people react differently to stress (They can learn to deal appropriately with stress).
• Unrelieved stress has detrimental effects on the body.
• Studies have shown that sports and moderate physical activity decrease tension.
• Relaxation is a skill that can be learned.
• Taking a few minutes to relax at the end of the lesson can help students return to the classroom in a less stimulated state.

Substance Abuse

• Children need to be aware of the impact that substances can have on their lives.
• The following substances are deterrents to wellness and usually are detrimental to total health:
  • Alcohol
  • Tobacco
  • Drug Abuse (marijuana, cocaine, etc.)

Safety and First Aid

• Safety is an attitude that involves concern for one's welfare and health.
• Accident-  unplanned event or act that may result in injury or death.
• Most common causes of accidents:
  • lack of knowledge and understanding of risks
  • lack of skill and competence to perform tasks safely
  • false sense of security
  • fatigue or illness
  • drugs and/or alcohol
  • strong emotional states such as anger or fear